Democracy And Digital Disorder.

Democracy operated on twin principles of truth and trust. From 10,000 years ago to the 21 century, human societies evolved from particularised and selected trust circles to generalised and universalistic trust spheres which are the backbone of democracy. From authoritarianism to democracy, human beings expanded their circle of trust from a particular community to a global community. Autocrats established heated rhetoric that favors some ethnicity, ideology, or racial superiority. Democracy prevailed in the post-Cold War societies because it extended the trust of people in universal institutions and global appeal. In the 21 century, democracy is at the backseat because of fading trust from the societies and appealing lingual, ethnic, and selected community rhetoric. The struggle for global expanded empathy and advancement is overshadowed by regional and nationalistic interests. Democracy appeals for its universal struggle for recognition of all. The intervention of Russia in the parliamentary election of Italy and the presidential election of France through cyber-attacks and disinformation compromised the autonomous decision-making of people during the election which halted the democratic transition and empowered the populist leaders derailing the democracy with a proclivity. The digital malice and digital manipulation to sabotage democratic transition is a vivid manifestation of compromised democratic transition in the global order. In the 21 century, digital spaces through social media and engineered tactics proved to be obstacles for democracies and appeal to populism, nationalism, and autocracies by the fading trust of people in institutions, constitutions, and rule of law.

Particularised trust constitutes small alliances within a small subset of society-i.e. alliance of China and Russia. In democracies, generalised trust establishes large-scale trust that extended market relations, human progress, and trade between European and Western States. The citadel of democracy in the 20th Century was sustained through the extending circle of trust in the society. Information technology and science subdued this trust in contemporary times. The complex and integrated societies are economically linked together. The equation of economic dependency established peace and prosperity in recent decades due to which democracies sustained. In contemporary times, the digital disorder and digitally dependent economies are vulnerable to trust. As the modern...